Evidence-Based Orthodontic
Research and Clinical Resources
This bibliography brings together a curated collection of peer-reviewed articles, clinical studies, and academic references to support structured orthodontic learning and professional development. Designed for General Dental Practitioners and clinicians seeking deeper understanding, these resources cover core principles of diagnosis, treatment planning, biomechanics, record-keeping, and contemporary orthodontic practice.
Each reference has been selected to encourage critical thinking, strengthen clinical decision-making, and promote evidence-based care. This growing library forms part of our commitment to lifelong learning — supporting clinicians as they translate academic knowledge into predictable, real-world orthodontic outcomes.
Records
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2) Records Needed for Orthodontic Diagnosis and Treatment Planning: A Systematic Review - (PLoS ONE)
3) Orthodontic records: collection and management - (BOS)
4) Informed Consent and Orthodontic Treatment - (Orthodontic Update)
5) Retention of records - (FGDP)
Cephalometry
6) A Comparison between 2D and 3D Images to Study Maxillary and Mandibular Widths: A Pilot Sudy - (Open Journal of Stomatology)
7) Variations in facial relationships: Their significance in treatment and prognosis - (Am J Orthod)
9) Cephalometrics for you and me - (Am J Orthod)
10) Was the development of the diagnostic facial triangle as an acurate analysis based on fact or fancy? - (SCRIBD)
Bolton's Analysis
11) The clinical application of a tooth-size analysis - (Am J Orthod)
12) Overall and anterior Bolton ratio in Class I, II, and III orthodontic patients - (European Journal of Orthodontics)
13) Asymmetry in Tooth Size: A Factor in the Etiology, Diagnosis and Treatment of Malocclusion - (Angle Orthod)
14) Crown Diameters of Corresponding Tooth Groups in the Deciduous and Permanent Dentition - (Journal of Dental Research)
15) Bolton analysis: an alternative proposal for simplification of its use - (Dental Press J Orthod)
Indices
16) A Review of Orthodontic Indices - (Orthodontic Journal of Nepal)
17) Use of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) in assessing the need for orthodontic treatment pre- and post- appliance therapy - (Br J Orthod)
18) Who needs orthodontic treatment? Who gets it? And who wants it? - (BDJ)
19) An Index of Orthognathic Functional Treatment Need (IOFTN) - (Journal of Orthodontics)
20) An Overview of the Peer Assessment Rating (par) Index for Primary Dental Care Practitioners - (Prim Dent J)
Patient Journey Checklist
21) Legal aspects of orthodontic practice: risk management concepts. Periodontal disease in orthodontic practice - (AJODO)
22) A precise and time-saving method of setting up an indirectly bonded retainer - (AJODO)
23) Orthodontic fluoride protection - (J Clin Orthod)
24) Traumatic ulcers and pain in adults during orthodontic treatment - (Community Dent Oral Epidemiol)
25) Retainers Leaflet - (BOS)
Wires and Sequences
26) Which orthodontic archwire sequence? A randomized clinical trial - (European Journal of Orthodontics)
27) Do you do Damon®? What is the current evidence base underlying the philosophy of this appliance system? - (J Orthod)
28) A review of contemporary archwires: their properties and characteristics - (Angle Orthod)
29) A systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental clinical evidence on initial aligning archwires and archwire sequences - (Orthodontics and Craniofacial Research)
30) Orthodontic wire: a continuing evolution - (Semin Orthod)
Space Closure
36) New technique for semipermanent replacement of missing incisors - (Am J Orthod)
37) A customized staging procedure to improve the predictability of space closure with sequential aligners - (J Clin Orthod)
38) Orthodontic space closure of the edentulous maxillary first molar area in adults - (Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg)
39) The effects of space closure of the mandibular first molar area in adults - (Am J Orthod)
40) Understanding the basis of space closure in Orthodontics for a more efficient orthodontic treatment - (Dental Press J Orthod)
Anchorage
41) Controlling the magnitude, direction and duration of extraoral force - (Am J Orthod)
42) A new device for absolute anchorage for orthodontics - (AJODO)
43) The possibility of skeletal anchorage - (J Clin Orthod)
44) Mini-implant for orthodontic anchorage - (J Clin Orthod)
45) Rigid implant anchorage to close a mandibular first molar extraction site - (J Clin Orthod)
Treatment Planning Tips
46) Orthodontics: Art, Science or Trans-science? - (Angle Orthod)
47) Soft tissue limitations in orthodontics: treatment planning guidelines - (Angle Orthod)
48) Contemporary Orthodontics - (MOSBY ELSEVIER)
49) The social importance of orthodontic rehabilitation: report of a five year follow-up study - (J Health Soc Behav)
50) Planning Treatment on the Basis of the Facial Pattern and an Estimate of Its Growth - (Angle Orthod)
IPR
51) Enamel reduction techniques in orthodontics: a literature review - (Open Dent J)
52) Interproximal enamel reduction as a part of orthodontic treatment - (Stomatologija)
53)
54) Enamel reduction procedures in orthodontic treatment - (J Can Dent Assoc)
55) Guidelines for Contemporary Air-Rotor Stripping - (JCO)
Crowding
56) Crowding: timing of treatment - (Angle Orthod)
57) Mandibular incisor dimensions and crowding - (Am J Orthod)
58) Biometrics of crowding and spacing of the teeth in the mandible - (Am J Phys Anthropol)
59) Patterns of Dental Crowding in the Lower Arch and Contributing Factors: A Statistical Study - (Angle Orthod)
60) An examination of dental crowding and its relationship to tooth size and arch dimension - (Am J Orthod)
Extraction
61) The decision to extract: part II. Analysis of clinicians' stated reasons for extraction - (AJODO)
62) Indications for the extraction of teeth in orthodontic procedure - (Am J Orthod Oral Surg)
63) A comparative study of facial profiles in extraction and nonextraction treatment - (AJODO)
64) Effect of Extraction Of Deciduous Molars On The Formation And Eruption Of Their Successors - (Angle Orthod)
65) The decision to extract: Part I - - Interclinician agreement - (AJODO)
Class II Mechanics
66) Open-bite treatment with vertical control and tongue reeducation - (AJODO)
67) The twin block traction technique - (Eur J Orthod)
68) Mandibular protraction appliances for Class II treatment - (J Clin Orthod)
70) Fixed piston appliance for rapid Class II correction - (J Clin Orthod)
Aligner Mechanics
71) Using clear aligner therapy to correct malocclusion with crowding and an open bite - (Gen Dent)
72) Correction of deep bite in adults using the Invisalign system - (J Clin Orthod)
73) The predictability of transverse changes with Invisalign - (Angle Orthod)
74) Correction of severe tooth rotations using clear aligners: a case report - (Aust Orthod J)
75) Centennial inventory: The changing face of orthodontics - (AJODO)
76) Optimization of configuration of attachment in tooth translation with transparent tooth correction by appropriate moment-to-force ratios: Biomechanical analysis - (Biomed Mater Eng)
77) Effects of variable attachment shapes and aligner material on aligner retention - (Angle Orthod)
78) Influence of attachments and interproximal reduction on the accuracy of canine rotation with Invisalign. A prospective clinical study - (Angle Orthod)
79) Forces and moments generated by removable thermoplastic aligners: incisor torque, premolar derotation, and molar distalization - (AJODO)
80) Treatment management between orthodontists and general practitioners performing clear aligner therapy - (Angle Orthod)
Consents
81) Consent in Orthodontics - (BOS)
82) Consent to orthodontic treatment - is it working? - (BDJ)
83) Informed Consent For Braces - (Int J Clin Pediatr Dent)
84) Consent: UK excluding Scotland - (Dental Protection)
85) Improving the orthodontic consent process: Amending hospital policy and implementing change - (Journal of Orthodontics)
Consultation Advice
86) Guides of commissioning dental specialties - Orthodontics - (NHS England)
87) Personal Recommendations and Tips to Orthodontic Patients: A systematic review - (Journal of Oral Medicine)
88) Dentists' opinions of an online orthodontic advice service - (J Telemed Telecare)
89) A Systematic Review of Individual Motivational Factors in Orthodontic Treatment: Facial Attractiveness as the Main Motivational Factor in Orthodontic Treatment - (Int J Dent)
90) Orthodontics: Making false promises - (BDJ)
Bond Up
92) Assessment of bracket placement and bond strength when comparing direct bonding to indirect bonding techniques - (Am J Orthod)
93) Effects of orthodontic attachments on the gingival health of permanent second molars - (AJODO)
94) Improving the handling properties of a composite resin for direct bonding - (Am J Orthod)
95) Adhesion of composite to porcelain with various surface conditions - (J Prosthet Dent)
Bracket and Prescription
96) Metal strength of direct bonding brackets - (AJODO)
97) Flaws in bracket manufacturing - (J Clin Orthod)
98) Trial Production of Titanium Orthodontic Brackets Fabricated by Metal Injection Molding (MIM) with Sintering - (J Dent Res)
99) The fracture strength of ceramic brackets: a comparative study - (Angle Orthod)
100) Ceramic brackets - (J Clin Orthod)
Class III Mechanics
101) Effective timing for the application of orthopedic force in the skeletal Class III malocclusion - (Am J Orthod)
102) Craniofacial changes in Class III malocclusion as related to skeletal and dental maturation - (AJODO)
103) Developing Class III malocclusions: challenges and solutions - (Clin Cosmet Investig Dent)
104) Morphometric Analysis of Mandibular Growth in Skeletal Class III Malocclusion - (J Formos Med Assoc)
105) Growth changes in skeletal-facial profile and their significance in orthodontic diagnosis - (AJODO)
Debond
106) Microscopic evaluation of enamel after debonding: clinical application - (Am J Orthod)
107) Enamel alterations from bracket bonding and debonding: a study with the scanning electron microscope - (Am J Orthod)
108) Enamel surfaces after orthodontic bracket debonding - (Angle Orthod)
109) Indelible iatrogenic staining of enamel following debonding. A case report - (JClin Orthod)
110) Quantitative and qualitative assessment of enamel surface following five composite removal methods after bracket debonding - (Eur J Orthod)
Interceptive Orthodontics
111) Self-concept, Class II malocclusion, and early treatment - (Angle Orthod)
112) Early mixed dentition treatment: postretention evaluation of stability and relapse - (Angle Orthod)
113) The timing of treatment for Class II malocclusions in children: a literature review - (Angle Orthod)
114) Orthodontic treatment timing: a survey of orthodontists - (AJODO)
115) Early versus late treatment of crowded first premolar extraction cases: postretention evaluation of stability and relapse - (Angle Orthod)
Crossbites and Transverse
116) Diagnosis and treatment of transverse maxillary deficiency - (Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg)
117) Transverse relationship of permanent molars after crossbite correction in deciduous dentition - (European Journal of Orthodontics)
118) Transverse malocclusion, posterior crossbite and severe discrepancy - (Dental Press J Orthod)
119) Assessment of early orthodontic treatment on functional shifts by telemonitoring mandibular movements using a smart phone - (Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare)
120) Transverse skeletal and dental asymmetry in adults with unilateral lingual posterior crossbite - (AJODO)
Deep Bites
121) Deep overbite correction by intrusion - (Am J Orthod)
122) The curve of Spee revisited - (AJODO)
123) Deep overbite malocclusion: analysis of the underlying components - (AJODO)
124) Treatment of deep-bite cases - (Am J Orthod)
125) Deepbite correction with incisor intrusion in adults: a long-term cephalometric study - (AJODO)
Open Bites
126) Are temporary anchorage devices truly effective in the treatment of skeletal open bites? - (Eur J Dent)
127) Components of adult Class III open-bite malocclusion - (Am J Orthod)
128) Cephalometric evaluation of anterior open-bite nonextraction treatment, using multiloop edgewise archwire therapy - (Odontology)
129) Etiology of anterior open bite: a review - (J Orofac Orthop)
130) Open-bite treatment with vertical control and tongue reeducation - (AJODO)
Supernumeraries
131) Prevalence, etiology, diagnosis, treatment and complications of supernumerary teeth - (J Clin Exp Dent)
132) Management of supernumerary teeth - (J Conserv Dent)
133) Unusual supernumerary - (BDJ)
134) Orthodontic management of non-syndromic multiple supernumerary teeth - (Contemp Clin Dent)
135) Morphologic characteristics, location, and associated complications of maxillary and mandibular supernumerary teeth as evaluated using cone beam computed tomography - (European Journal of Orthodontics)
Hypodontia
136) Hypodontia: An Update on Its Etiology, Classification, and Clinical Management - (BioMed Research International)
137) Management of patients with hypodontia: What has changed? - (Journal of Orthodontics)
138) Familial human hypodontia - - is it all in the genes? - (BDJ)
139) Space closure versus space opening for bilateral absent upper lateral incisors: what is the duration of orthodontic treatment? - (European Journal of Orthodontics)
140) The prevalence and distribution of hypodontia in a sample of Qatari patients - (Journal of Orthodontic Science)
Impactions
141) Open versus closed surgical exposure for permanent impacted canines: a systematic review and meta-analyses - (European Journal of Orthodontics)
142) Clinical Consideration and Management of Impacted Maxillary Canine Teeth - (Emerging Trends in Oral Health Sciences and Dentistry)
143) National clinical guidelines for the management of unerupted maxillary incisors in children - (BDJ)
144) Survival and success of maxillary canine autotransplantation: a retrospective investigation - (European Journal of Orthodontics)
145) Orthodontic traction of impacted canines: Concepts and clinical application - (Dental Press J Orthod)